http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/index.cfm Associations that have been added to the CNVC site. en Tue 21 May 2013 21:44:41 EST http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00026 2011-12-14 08:52:52.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00027 2011-12-16 10:26:54.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00003 CNVC00003 is a late-seral, conifer-dominated, floodplain association that occurs at low elevations along the Coast Mountains of British Columbia and on the windward slopes of Vancouver Island. It occurs on moist, fluvial high bench sites that are enriched by a seasonally fluctuating water table. The moderately closed overstory is codominated by Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). The well-developed shrub layer is dominated by devil's club (Oplopanax horridus) and salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis). A well-developed herb layer is characterized by several fern species, including common oak fern (Gymnocarpium dryopteris), common lady fern (Athyrium filix-femina), and northern wood fern (Dryopteris expansa). High litterfall from the understory and occasional flooding inhibits the growth of mosses, and consequently this layer is relatively sparse, typically including low to moderate cover of lanky moss (Rhytidiadelphus loreus) and coastal leafy moss (Plagiomnium insigne). 2011-12-19 11:05:46.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00001 CNVC00001 is a Pacific Coast coniferous rainforest association that is characterized by a mixed species canopy dominated by western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and western redcedar (Thuja plicata), a moderately developed shrub layer of salal (Gaultheria shallon) and/or Alaskan blueberry (Vaccinium alaskaense), with a mossy forest floor of mostly lanky moss (Rhytidiadelphus loreus) and stairstep moss (Hylocomium splendens). It occurs on shallow, nutrient-poor sites on water-shedding upper slope or crest topopositions, up to approximately 850 mASL, on western and northern Vancouver Island and along the windward Coast Mountains of mainland British Columbia. Because of the site conditions, tree growth is poor, relative to other coastal forests. Unless growing in wind-protected conditions, windthrow and breakage tend to keep these forests from becoming or remaining very old. 2012-01-12 10:01:58.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00002 CNVC00002 is a late seral (mature and climax) association that occurs at low elevations in the submaritime and subcontinental areas of coastal southwestern British Columbia on nutrient-deficient dry crests and upper slopes with shallow soils, or on coarse-textured glacial outwash. It has a moderately open coniferous canopy dominated by moderate cover of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), often with western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). The understory is characterized by moderate cover of mountain huckleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum), common bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) and western hemlock regeneration. The moss / lichen layer is diverse and well-developed, often with high cover of red-stemmed feather moss (Pleurozium schreberi) and clad lichens (Cladonia spp.). Stands of this association typically originate from infrequent stand replacing fires (perhaps every few hundred years) or windthrow. 2012-02-22 11:46:59.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00005 CNVC00005 is an endemic Pacific coastal coniferous association that develops on very moist, nutrient-rich soils in the hypermaritime climate of the outer coastal areas of southern British Columbia. These highly productive coniferous forests tend to occur on lower and toe slopes with underground seepage. Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) is consistently present and usually codominates with Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) and Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis). The well-developed shrub layer comprises salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), red huckleberry (Vaccinium parvifolium) and regeneration of western hemlock. The herb layer features ferns, especially western sword fern (Polystichum munitum), deer fern (Blechnum spicant), northern wood fern (Dryopteris expansa), and common lady fern (Athyrium filix-femina). Leading species in the well-developed moss layer are lanky moss (Rhytidiadelphus loreus) and Oregon beaked moss (Eurhynchium oreganum). 2012-02-23 14:37:06.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00006 CNVC00006 is an endemic moist maritime coniferous association that occurs up to approximately 700 mASL along the eastern slopes of the Vancouver Island Ranges of British Columbia and also on adjacent islands of the Discovery Islands Group. Slope positions vary from middle to lower, with gradients that are normally gentle. Well- to moderately well-drained, mesic to moist, comparatively rich, medium-textured soils are typical for this association. In this mature to old-forest stage, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), and western red cedar (Thuja plicata) characteristically dominate the canopy. The shrub layer is dominated by western hemlock regeneration, with moderate abundance of red huckleberry (Vaccinium parvifolium). There are a number of rich-site indicators, such as vanilla-leaf (Achlys triphylla), common oak fern (Gymnocarpium dryopteris), three-leaved foamflower (Tiarella trifoliata), and western sword fern (Polystichum munitum) in the herb layer. Oregon beaked moss (Eurhynchium oreganum) and lanky moss (Rhytidiadelphus loreus) are the main mosses. 2012-02-23 14:39:42.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00007 This mature to old-growth, coniferous forest association is endemic to the coast / interior climatic transition of the middle to leeward eastern valley systems of the Coast Mountains and the Fraser River valley of British Columbia. It occurs on various topographic positions with mainly steep slope gradients. Mesic, nutrient-rich soils are normal for CNVC00007; soil drainage is variable, ranging from rapid to moderately well. Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and western red cedar (Thuja plicata) co-dominate the canopy, often with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis). The shrub layer is relatively sparse, comprising mostly regenerating canopy trees with various blueberries: red huckleberry (Vaccinium parvifolium), Alaskan blueberry (V. alaskaense), and oval-leaved blueberry (V. ovalifolium). The diverse herb layer is dominated by three-leaved foamflower (Tiarella trifoliata), common oak fern (Gymnocarpium dryopteris) and singleflower clintonia (Clintonia uniflora). Lanky moss (Rhytidiadelphus loreus) and stairstep moss (Hylocomium splendens) are the main moss-layer species. 2012-02-23 14:40:54.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00008 CNVC00008 is a Pacific Coast, open, scrubby coniferous woodland association that occurs on rocky outcrops, from sea level to approximately 850 m, on thin veneers of organic, morainal, or colluvial soils overlying ridged or hummocky bedrock, within a mosaic of essentially bare rock outcrops. Although rare in the northern mainland of British Columbia, it has a potentially wide geographic range in the Coast Mountains and the mountains of Vancouver Island. The open scrubby tree layer is dominated by shore pine (Pinus contorta var. contorta), with some western red cedar (Thuja plicata), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) or Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) at lower elevations, or with yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) and mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) at higher elevations. The shrub layer is dominated by salal (Gaultheria shallon), with variable coverage of conifer regeneration. The herb layer is very sparse. Reindeer lichens (Cladina spp.) and rock mosses (Racomitrium spp.) dominate the moss / lichen layer. 2012-02-23 14:47:41.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00009 CNVC00009 is a mesic, Pacific Coast coniferous association that is endemic to higher elevations in drainages of the climatically transitional (maritime / continental) eastern side of the Coast Mountains of British Columbia. It occurs on a variety of topographic positions, with mainly moderate slope gradients. These mature to old-growth forests are dominated by western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), western red cedar (Thuja plicata), and/or Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis) often present. The shrub layer is relatively sparse, with regenerating western hemlock and Pacific silver fir typically most abundant along with various combinations of blueberries (Vaccinium spp.). The herb layer is also sparse, generally with scattered cover of species such as oneside wintergreen (Orthilia secunda), twinflower (Linnaea borealis), giant rattlesnake-plantain (Goodyera oblongifolia), singleflower clintonia (Clintonia uniflora), or bunchberry (Cornus canadensis). Stairstep moss (Hylocomium splendens), pipecleaner moss (Rhytidiopsis robusta) and lanky moss (Rhytidiadelphus loreus) are the leading species in the well-developed moss layer. 2012-02-23 14:50:16.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00010 CNVC00010 occurs on mesic, nutrient-medium sites within the Georgia Depression of British Columbia at elevations up to approximately 200 mASL. The vegetation is characterized by a closed canopy of mixed conifers, including western red cedar (Thuja plicata), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and grand fir (Abies grandis), a moderate shrub layer dominated by dull Oregon-grape (Mahonia nervosa) and/or salal (Gaultheria shallon), a herb layer dominated by western sword fern (Polystichum munitum) and vanilla-leaf (Achlys triphylla), and a moss layer dominated by Oregon beaked moss (Eurhynchium oreganum). 2012-02-23 14:51:30.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00012 CNVC00012 are coniferous forest communities that occur on nutrient-poor, coarse sandy or skeletal soils in wet, submaritime climates of coastal British Columbia. These sites occur at elevations up to approximately 1000 mASL on the eastern slopes of the central Coast Mountains and in the Hazelton Mountains. Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) dominates the overstory. The poorly developed shrub layer is dominated by regenerating western hemlock, often with low cover of western red cedar (Thuja plicata) and Alaskan blueberry (Vaccinium alaskaense). The sparse, poorly developed herb layer is variable but often has low cover of bunchberry (Cornus canadensis) and oneside wintergreen (Orthilia secunda). The moss layer is well developed and is dominated by high cover of stairstep moss (Hylocomium splendens) and red-stemmed feather moss (Pleurozium schreberi), often with electrified cat's-tail moss (Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus). 2012-02-23 14:56:57.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00013 CNVC00013 is a closed-canopy, coniferous forest association that occurs at low elevations in the maritime climates of coastal British Columbia and south to western Oregon, USA. It occurs as small to medium patches on sites with soils that are moist for a significant part of the growing season, either through seepage (in the dryer part of the coast) or through precipitation (in the wetter, maritime parts of the coast). Overstories are closed and dominated by high cover of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), with frequent and variable cover of western red cedar (Thuja plicata) and/or Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). The shrub layer is dominated by regenerating western hemlock and western red cedar, often with salal (Gaultheria shallon) and red huckleberry (Vaccinium parvifolium). Western sword fern (Polystichum munitum) dominates in the herb layer, with deer fern (Blechnum spicant) usually present. The moderately well-developed moss layer consists primarily of stairstep moss (Hylocomium splendens). 2012-02-23 14:58:27.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00016 CNVC00016 is a coniferous forest association that occurs in very wet, hypermaritime climates on rocky headlands (typic subassociation) and beachplains (Trisetum canescens subassociation) along the outer coast of British Columbia. Sites supporting this association occur at low elevations (0 to 30 mASL) where there is exposure to salt spray. The Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)-dominated canopy is moderately open and often shaped and thinned by strong winds. The shrub layer is characterized by high cover of salal (Gaultheria shallon), with regenerating Sitka spruce and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). The dominant species in the herb layer is two-leaved false Soloman's seal (Maianthemum dilatatum). Tall trisetum (Trisetum canescens) occurs with low cover in the subassociation of this name. The moss layer has moderate cover of Oregon beaked moss (Eurhynchium oreganum) with low cover of several other species of mosses and liverworts. 2012-02-23 15:12:28.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00017 CNVC00017 is a Canadian endemic association that occurs on rich, moist, high fluvial benches on the floodplains of rivers on the west coast of Vancouver Island and the outer mainland mid-coast of British Columbia. These sites occur at low elevations (up to 200 mASL). Sites supporting this association have a fluctuating annual water table but flood only every few years or so. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) dominates the canopy, which includes a moderate amount of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). Salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), stink currant (Ribes bracteosum), and western hemlock regeneration are the main species of the shrub layer. The well-developed herb layer is mostly ferns: western sword fern (Polystichum munitum), common lady fern (Athyrium filix-femina), and deer fern (Blechnum spicant); but also includes three-leaved foamflower (Tiarella trifoliata) and two-leaved false Soloman's seal (Maianthemum dilatatum). The moss layer is predominantly Oregon and slender beaked mosses (Eurhynchium oreganum and E. praelongum). 2012-02-23 15:13:45.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00018 CNVC00018 occurs on middle fluvial benches along rivers in hypermaritime climates of British Columbia. This endemic association is usually found at low elevations as these mid-bench sites occur on lower reaches of the rivers. The benches flood frequently and have elevated water tables during much of the growing season. Stands have a moderately open canopy dominated by Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), commonly with western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). Red alder (Alnus rubra) is often present, usually with moderate cover. The shrub layer is characterized by low cover of salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis) and red huckleberry (Vaccinium parvifolium) along with regeneration of the canopy conifers. Tall trisetum (Trisetum canescens), deer fern (Blechnum spicant), and common lady fern (Athyrium filix-femina) are usually present in the herb layer. Stairstep moss (Hylocomium splendens) and lanky moss (Rhytidiadelphus loreus) dominate the well-developed bryophyte layer. 2012-02-23 15:14:45.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00019 CNVC00019 is a forest association that occurs on rich, mesic or moist sites in coastal British Columbia, along drainages of the Fraser River, and in the eastern Coast Mountains. Elevations range from sea level to approximately 650 m. This association is characterized by a closed canopy dominated by high cover of western red cedar (Thuja plicata), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). The shrub layer is dominated by moderate cover of vine maple (Acer circinatum) and regenerating western hemlock and western red cedar, with low cover of red huckleberry (Vaccinium parvifolium). The herb layer is mostly western sword fern (Polystichum munitum) with low cover of northern wood fern (Dryopteris expansa) and bracken (Pteridium aquilinum). The moss layer can be sparse to moderately well-developed, with stairstep moss (Hylocomium splendens), Oregon beaked moss (Eurhynchium oreganum) and leafy mosses (Rhizomnium spp. and Plagiomnium spp.) as predominant species. 2012-02-23 15:17:10.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00021 CNVC00021 is an endemic association that occurs in southwestern coastal British Columbia and southeastern Vancouver Island. It is restricted to crests and steep upper slopes where soils are very shallow and exposed bedrock is present. This low elevation conifer woodland is characterized by scattered, stunted Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and/or shore pine (Pinus contorta var. contorta) - both of variable heights. Salal (Gaultheria shallon) is the most common shrub species. Herb / dwarf shrub cover is sparse, with western fescue (Festuca occidentalis) and Pacific trailing blackberry (Rubus ursinus) being the most consistently occurring species. The moss layer is dominated by rock mosses; grey rock moss (Niphotrichum canescens) and hoary rock moss (Racomitrium lanuginosum). 2012-02-23 15:21:48.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00023 CNVC00023 occurs on rich, moist high fluvial benches on the floodplains of larger streams and rivers along the southern mainland coast of British Columbia. On average, flooding occurs every 5 or more years. Soils are derived from fluvial materials and have a fluctuating water table. This endemic, mixed coniferous and deciduous forest association has a multi-layered overstory consisting of big-leaved maple (Acer macrophyllum), black cottonwood (Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa) and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), often with red alder (Alnus rubra). The well-developed shrub layer is dominated by salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), vine maple (Acer circinatum), and devil's club (Oplopanax horridus). The herb layer is characterized by two-leaved false Soloman's seal (Maianthemum dilatatum) with Hooker's fairybells (Prosartes hookeri), common lady fern (Athyrium filix-femina), and mountain sweet-cicely (Osmorhiza berteroi). The poorly developed moss layer consists primarily of leafy mosses (Mnium spp.). 2012-02-23 15:25:18.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00024 CNVC00024 is an endemic, coniferous forest association that occurs along the backshores of estuaries and tidal sloughs of coastal British Columbia. Soils are usually loamy or sandy and are usually derived from fluvial materials, often with a thin organic cap. Salt input and wet soils limit productivity. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) dominates the overstory of these communities, with low cover of western red cedar (Thuja plicata). The overstory is open, with canopy individuals growing on elevated mounds. Moderate to high cover of salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis) and Pacific crab apple (Malus fusca), together with moderate cover of salal (Gaultheria shallon) characterize the shrub layer. The herb layer is usually well-developed and dominated by high cover of slough sedge (Carex obnupta) and moderate cover of yellow skunk cabbage (Lysichiton americanus). The moderately well-developed moss layer consists mostly of beaked mosses (Eurhynchium praelongum, E. oreganum) and dotted leafy moss (Rhizomnium punctatum). 2012-02-23 15:26:30.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00025 CNVC00025 is an endemic, coniferous forest association that occurs in wet, hypermaritime climates on old beachplains along shorelines of eastern Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands) British Columbia. Sites supporting this association occur at low elevations (0 to 20 mASL) where there is exposure to salt spray. These communities occur on level sites, typically with mesic soil moisture regimes and rich soil nutrient regimes. The canopy is characterized by Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), with moderate cover of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). The poorly developed shrub layer consists almost entirely of regenerating western hemlock. The herb layer is sparse with a few scattered species of low cover. The continuous, well-developed moss layer is dominated by Oregon beaked moss (Eurhynchium oreganum), lanky moss (Rhytidiadelphus loreus), and stairstep moss (Hylocomium splendens). 2012-02-23 15:28:14.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00014 CNVC00014 occurs on zonal and near-zonal sites within the Georgia Basin of coastal southern British Columbia and adjacent Washington, USA. Known sites in British Columbia occur at elevations up to 250 mASL, on (mostly gentle) middle to upper slopes, where sandy loamy soils are common. The canopy of this coniferous association is typically dominated by Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), with a well-developed shrub layer dominated by dull Oregon-grape (Mahonia nervosa) and/or salal (Gaultheria shallon), a sparse herb layer, and a well-developed moss layer dominated by Oregon beaked moss (Eurhynchium oreganum). 2012-02-24 09:25:15.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00015 CNVC00015 is a mixedwood forest association that occurs on sites with strongly fluctuating water tables within the Georgia Basin of coastal British Columbia from sea level to approximately 150 m, and on similar sites in pockets of Oregon and Washington. These communities have a closed mixed deciduous and coniferous overstory, comprising grand fir (Abies grandis), western red cedar (Thuja plicata), big-leaved maple (Acer macrophyllum), and red alder (Alnus rubra). The moderately shrubby understory is dominated by high cover of Indian plum (Oemleria cerasiformis), with low cover of thin-leaved snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus). A well-developed herb layer is characterized by western sword fern (Polystichum munitum), but also includes three-leaved foamflower (Tiarella trifoliata), and Pacific blackberry (Rubus ursinus). A moderately well-developed moss layer is dominated by slender beaked moss (Eurhynchium praelongum). 2012-02-24 09:55:23.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00020 CNVC00020 is an endemic, scrubby, open coniferous woodland association that occurs at elevations up to 600 mASL in very wet, hypermaritime climates of coastal British Columbia. Site conditions are shallow soils on upper slopes and crests over granitic or similarly nutritionally very poor (acidic) rocky knolls. Climate, site and wind conditions result in the scrubby physiognomy and mainly uneven-aged, old forest successional stages. Shore pine (Pinus contorta var. contorta) and yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) - the predominant tree species - are seldom over 10 m tall. These conifers are significant components of the shrub layer along with salal (Gaultheria shallon). The diverse, but poorly developed herb layer is typified by bunchberry (Cornus canadensis) and black crowberry (Empetrum nigrum). The moss layer is dominated by the rock mosses (Racomitrium spp.). 2012-02-24 09:56:27.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00029 2012-02-24 10:48:59.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00034 2012-02-24 11:00:05.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00036 CNVC00036 is a mature to old, Pacific coast, coniferous forest association that is found on well-drained, colluvial and fluvial materials in very wet maritime to hypermaritime climates. The soils are mesic to moist, and in most cases nutrient-rich to very rich. Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) is the leading species in the closed coniferous canopy, followed by Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis). However, very old stands are dominated by western redcedar (Thuja plicata). On Haida Gawii (Queen Charlotte Islands), Pacific silver fir is absent and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) often plays a more important canopy role. The shrub layer often features Alaskan blueberry (Vaccinium alaskaense), red huckleberry (V. parvifolium), and salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis). Common herb species include western sword fern (Polystichum munitum), deer fern (Blechnum spicant), five-leaved dwarf bramble (Rubus pedatus), spreading wood fern (Dryopteris expansa) and three-leaved foamflower (Tiarella trifoliata). Lanky moss (Rhytidiadelphus loreus) and stairstep moss (Hylocomium splendens) are the leading mosses. Two subassociations are recognized: typic and Picea sitchensis. 2012-02-24 11:56:15.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00037 2012-02-24 11:58:12.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00038 2012-02-24 11:59:23.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00040 2012-02-24 12:04:47.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00041 2012-02-24 12:05:52.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00042 2012-02-24 12:06:52.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00043 2012-02-24 12:08:00.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00044 2012-02-24 12:08:59.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00045 2012-02-24 12:10:07.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00046 Located within the rain shadow valleys of the leeward Pacific Ranges of British Columbia, this very productive, Pacific coastal coniferous or mixed coniferous / hardwood forest association is exposed to a distinctly drier transitional coast / interior climatic regime than other coastal forest associations. CNVC00046 is typically found on lower / toe slope and level topopositions which receive seepage water. The moist soils are nutritionally rich. The elevation range is from near sea level in valley floors to 650 mASL. In its mature and old forest stage western redcedar (Thuja plicata) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) are leading species along with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), which forms the uppermost canopy layer. The larger trees are vulnerable to wind breakage and blowdown. Devil's club (Oplopanax horridus) typically dominates the shrub layer; salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis) is usually present and vine maple (Acer circinatum) can be abundant. Along with additional species of moist, nutrient-rich sites, the lush herb layer includes spreading wood fern (Dryopteris expansa), western sword fern (Polystichum munitum) and three-leaved foamflower (Tiarella trifoliata). Common mosses include coastal leafy moss (Plagiomnium insigne), stairstep moss (Hylocomium splendens) and electrified cat's-tail moss (Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus). 2012-02-24 12:11:16.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00055 2012-02-24 12:20:42.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00057 Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) is prominent in this productive, shoreline, coniferous forest association, where exposure to salt spray is pronounced. CNVC00057 occurs near sea level on wind-exposed sandy marine terraces and lower slope topopositions within the very wet hypermaritime climate regime of the outer Pacific coast. Soils are generally mesic to moist and relatively fertile. Sitka spruce is often accompanied in the canopy by variable coverage of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and western redcedar (Thuja plicata). Common species in the shrub layer include salal (Gaultheria shallon), salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), red huckleberry (Vaccinium parvifolium), and regenerating tree species. When sufficient light is available, the herb layer usually features western sword fern (Polystichum munitum), deer fern (Blechnum spicant), two-leaved false Solomon's seal (Maianthemum dilatatum), clasping-leaved twisted-stalk (Streptopus amplexifolius), and bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum). The relatively diverse moss layer includes slender beaked moss (Eurhynchium praelongum), Oregon beaked moss (E. oreganum), shining clear moss (Hookeria lucens), dotted leafy moss (Rhizomnium punctatum), flat moss (Plagiothecium undulatum) and hairy pouchwort (Calypogeja trichomanis). 2012-02-24 13:00:06.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00058 2012-02-24 13:01:23.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00064 2012-02-24 13:28:40.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00065 2012-02-24 13:30:05.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00067 2012-02-24 13:31:07.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00068 2012-02-24 13:34:28.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00070 2012-02-24 13:36:22.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00071 2012-02-24 13:37:21.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00030 This mature to old, coniferous forest association is found within the coast / interior climatic transition of the middle to leeward valley systems of the Coast and Cascade Mountains of British Columbia. The canopy is co-dominated by western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), with less cover of western redcedar (Thuja plicata). Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis) and/or subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) are often present in the canopy. Along with conifer regeneration, the shrub layer features Oregon boxleaf (Paxistima myrsinites), mountain huckleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum), and red huckleberry (V. parvifolium). The sparse herb layer typically includes common pipsissewa (Chimaphila umbellata), twinflower (Linnaea borealis), one-sided wintergreen (Orthilia secunda), Menzies' rattlesnake-plantain (Goodyera oblongifolia), and pink pyrola (Pyrola asarifolia). Stairstep moss (Hylocomium splendens), pipecleaner moss (Rhytidiopsis robusta) and red-stemmed feather moss (Pleurozium schreberi) along with some common freckle pelt lichen (Peltigera aphthosa) comprise most of the cover on the forest floor. Two subassociations are recognized: typic and Rhododendron macrophyllum (Pacific rhododendron). Pacific rhododendron dominates the understory in the subassociation of this name, occurring primarily in the Skagit River valley. CNVC00030 is distinguished from similar associations in this climate by its dry to mesic and nutritionally poor to medium soils occurring mostly on either steep slopes or coarse-textured glaciofluvial or fluvial materials. Fire and forest harvesting are the most prevalent stand disturbance agents. 2012-02-27 08:41:43.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00031 CNVC00031 is an endemic, mature to old, coniferous forest association that occurs on a variety of mesic sites with medium to poor soil nutrient regimes within submaritime and subcontinental areas of southwestern British Columbia. Elevations range from 30 to 1000 mASL. It typically has a fairly closed forest canopy, a poor to well developed shrub layer dominated by regenerating conifers, a moderately developed herb layer with scattered forbs, and a moderately well-developed moss layer. The dominant trees are Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), which occur in the canopy with a moderate amount of western redcedar (Thuja plicata). In addition to regenerating hemlock and cedar, the main shrub species is Oregon boxleaf (Paxistima myrsinites). The herbs are mostly common pipsissewa (Chimaphila umbellata), twinflower (Linnaea borealis) and Menzies' rattlesnake-plantain (Goodyera oblongifolia). Stairstep moss (Hylocomium splendens), pipecleaner moss (Rhytidiopsis robusta) and electified cat's-tail moss (Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus) dominate the forest floor. Forest harvesting has significantly reduced the old forest occurrences of this association and it is considered imperilled in British Columbia. 2012-02-27 08:43:27.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00073 2012-02-27 08:50:36.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00074 2012-02-27 08:52:09.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00188 2012-02-27 08:55:05.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00189 2012-02-27 08:57:10.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00039 2012-02-27 09:31:03.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00011 The subalpine CNVC00011 is endemic to elevations between approximately 500 and 1100 mASL in wet hypermaritime climates of coastal British Columbia, including Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands). Topopositions tend to be middle to upper slopes and gently rolling ridges or saddles where imperfectly to poorly drained mineral soils, and similarly drained upland organic veneers over bedrock are typical. This low productivity, scrubby forest association is codominated by mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) and yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis), often with western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). In addition to tree regeneration, the shrub layer is mostly red huckleberry (Vaccinium parvifolium), oval-leaved blueberry (Vaccinium ovalifolium), and Alaskan blueberry (Vaccinium alaskaense). The herb layer is sparse, especially on Haida Gwaii where there is intensive deer browsing. The most common bryophytes are lanky moss (Rhytidiadelphus loreus), green peat moss (Sphagnum girgensohnii) and Bolander's earwort (Scapania bolanderi). 2012-02-28 13:55:50.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00022 CNVC00022 occurs in subalpine areas of the wet, hypermaritime climate of the outer mainland British Columbia coast and Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands). It occurs at elevations between approximately 300 m and 1100 mASL on medium to rich, colluvial or morainal soils with strong seepage influence due to steep slopes and high precipitation inputs. Yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) dominates the well-developed but somewhat scrubby canopy, with varying amounts of mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) and shore pine (Pinus contorta var. contorta). The shrub layer is mostly tree regeneration. Consistent species in the poorly developed herb layer include Nootka reedgrass (Calamagrostis nutkaensis), running clubmoss (Lycopodium clavatum), rose twisted-stalk (Streptopus lanceolatus), alpine firmoss (Huperzia haleakalae), deer fern (Blechnum spicant) and green false hellebore (Veratrum viride). The most common species in the moss layer are Bolander's earwort (Scapania bolanderi), lanky moss (Rhytidiadelphus loreus), and stairstep moss (Hylocomium splendens). 2012-02-28 14:01:06.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00032 2012-02-28 14:03:00.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00033 2012-02-28 14:04:12.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00047 2012-02-28 14:06:31.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00048 2012-02-28 14:07:34.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00049 2012-02-28 14:08:30.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00050 2012-02-28 14:09:36.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00051 2012-02-28 14:10:39.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00052 2012-02-28 14:11:48.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00053 Within the wet maritime climate of north-central coastal British Columbia, this coniferous association occupies poorly productive forested sites, usually on exposed ridge crests and upper slopes. CNVC00053 is found on dry to mesic, nutritionally poor to medium soils at elevations between near sea level and approximately 600 mASL. The open canopy is dominated by western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), with a minor presence of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis). The shrub layer consists mostly of regenerating western hemlock and Alaskan blueberry (Vaccinium alaskaense), with some false azalea (Menziesia ferruginea). The sparse herb layer mainly includes bunchberry (Cornus canadensis) and five-leaved dwarf bramble (Rubus pedatus). The dominant mosses are lanky moss (Rhytidiadelphus loreus) and stairstep moss (Hylocomium splendens). These exposed low-canopy forests can offer valuable habitat in the form of complex vertical structure, variable sizes and decay stages of snags, and coarse woody debris. 2012-02-28 14:12:51.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00054 2012-02-28 14:13:49.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00056 2012-02-28 14:14:45.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00069 2012-02-28 14:15:48.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00072 2012-02-28 14:17:17.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00075 2012-02-28 14:18:20.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00004 2012-02-29 06:40:24.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00060 2012-03-01 08:43:10.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00061 2012-03-01 08:44:05.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00028 CNVC00028 is a highly productive coniferous old-forest association that is common on lower and toe slope seepage sites at low and mid elevations along the Coast Mountains of British Columbia and on the coastal islands. Soils are moist and nutritionally rich. Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis) usually co-dominate the canopy. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) or western redcedar (Thuja plicata) can be present in varying amounts. The shrub layer is normally dominated by devil's club (Oplopanax horridus), with lesser amounts of salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), Alaskan blueberry (Vaccinium alaskaense) and regenerating tree species. The herb layer is well-developed and dominated by common oak fern (Gymnocarpium dryopteris), common lady fern (Athyrium filix-femina), spreading wood fern (Dryopteris expansa) and three-leaved foamflower (Tiarella trifoliata). Along with lanky moss (Rhytidiadelphus loreus) and stairstep moss (Hylocomium splendens), various leafy mosses (e.g., Plagiomnium insigne, Rhizomnium glabrescens and Rhizomnium nudum) are common on the forest floor. These forests are generally long-lived and are typically renewed by regeneration in small gaps formed by the loss of individual trees to wind damage (e.g., stem breakage or windthrow). Three subassociations are recognized: Vaccinium alaskaense, Athyrium filix-femina and Picea sitchensis. 2012-03-01 12:06:01.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00132 2012-03-01 13:18:23.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00133 2012-03-05 09:57:25.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00134 2012-03-05 09:59:25.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00135 2012-03-05 09:59:36.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00137 2012-03-05 10:04:12.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00138 2012-03-05 10:04:23.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00141 2012-03-05 10:04:54.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00142 2012-03-05 10:12:09.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00143 2012-03-05 10:12:17.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00148 2012-03-05 10:21:42.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00149 2012-03-05 10:21:52.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00150 2012-03-05 10:22:04.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00151 2012-03-05 10:22:29.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00152 2012-03-05 10:22:39.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00159 2012-03-05 10:26:05.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00160 2012-03-05 10:26:18.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00163 2012-03-05 10:29:18.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00165 2012-03-05 10:29:27.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00166 2012-03-05 10:30:15.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00168 2012-03-05 10:33:47.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00169 2012-03-05 10:34:11.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00170 2012-03-05 10:34:29.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00171 2012-03-05 10:34:50.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00172 2012-03-05 10:35:11.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00173 2012-03-05 10:35:32.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00178 2012-03-05 10:39:35.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00181 2012-03-05 10:45:31.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00182 2012-03-05 10:45:42.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00136 2012-03-05 11:26:49.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00147 2012-03-05 11:27:57.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00155 2012-03-05 11:28:23.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00162 2012-03-05 11:28:45.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00174 2012-03-05 11:29:12.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00177 2012-03-05 11:29:34.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00179 2012-03-05 11:29:56.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00180 2012-03-05 11:30:18.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00059 2012-03-09 10:07:38.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00035 This Pacific coastal coniferous forest association occurs on mesic and moist, nutritionally poor to medium soils within a transitional coast / interior climatic regime. CNVC00035 covers a wide elevation range from near sea level to approximately 1300 mASL. This productive association normally has a well-developed, multi-layer canopy dominated by western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis). The ericaceous shrub layer features Alaskan blueberry (Vaccinium alaskaense), oval-leaved blueberry (V. ovalifolium) and false azalea (Menziesia ferruginea). Bunchberry (Cornus canadensis) and five-leaved dwarf bramble (Rubus pedatus) are the most consistent herb layer species. The moss layer is mainly lanky moss (Rhytidiadelphus loreus), stairstep moss (Hylocomium splendens) and pipecleaner moss (Rhytidiopsis robusta). Stand replacement is generally gradual through gap-phase processes resulting in old, structurally complex uneven-aged forests 2012-04-24 10:30:10.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00062 2012-04-24 10:36:48.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00066 2012-09-06 09:59:42.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00241 2012-12-20 10:22:56.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00272 2012-12-20 10:50:41.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00294 2012-12-20 10:50:41.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00295 2012-12-20 10:50:41.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00207 2013-01-04 10:39:09.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00208 2013-01-04 10:39:09.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00209 2013-01-04 10:39:09.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00214 2013-01-04 10:39:09.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00276 2013-01-04 10:39:09.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00269 2013-01-04 10:39:09.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00211 2013-01-04 10:39:09.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00213 2013-01-04 11:15:52.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00215 2013-01-04 11:15:52.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=CNVC00238 2013-01-04 11:15:52.000 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D025 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG127 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G087 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=M055a http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG055 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G374 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G359 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G358 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G356 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G357 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D026 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG176 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G342 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G343 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG057 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G089 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G493 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D027 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG058 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G554 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G498 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG495 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG060 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG152 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G564 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=F016 Temperate & Boreal Bog & Fen includes temperate and boreal bogs and fens dominated by Sphagnum or brown mosses with ericaceous shrubs, graminoids and low scrub tree growth forms (<2 m). The driest bogs, especially in permafrost terrain, may be covered in dwarf shrubs and lichens. The bog surface, which is raised or level with the surrounding terrain, is virtually unaffected by runoff waters or groundwaters from the surrounding mineral soils. Precipitation, fog and snowmelt are the primary water sources and, thus, all bogs are ombrogenous. A temperate and boreal fen is a peatland with a fluctuating water table. The waters in fens are rich in dissolved minerals and, therefore, are minerotrophic. Groundwater and surface water movement is a common characteristic of fens. Surface flow may be directed through channels, pools, and other open waterbodies that can form characteristic surface patterns. The dominant materials are moderately decomposed sedge and brown moss peats of variable thickness. The vegetation on fens is closely related to the depth of the water table and the chemistry of the water present. The composition of vegetation may also reflect regional geographic variations. In general, graminoid vegetation and some bryophytes dominate wetter fens where the water table is above the surface. Shrubs are prominent in drier fens where the water table is lower. Trees appear on the driest fen sites where microtopographic features such as moss hummocks provide habitats as much as 20 cm above the water table. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D029 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG062 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G386 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G185 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=DERP5 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=DERP6 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G360 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G360ass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G361 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g361ass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG063 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G285 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G284 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g284ass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG064 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G516 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G515 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=F013 Temperate & Boreal Freshwater Marsh, Wet Meadow & Shrubland includes wet riparian and swamp shrublands, wet meadows, wet prairies, and shallow and deep emergent marshes on mucky, inundated or saturated soils across the mid latitudes of the Northern and Southern hemispheres from 23 to 70 degrees. These wetlands have shallow water, with levels that usually fluctuate daily, seasonally or annually due to tides (freshwater tidal), flooding, evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge, or seepage losses. The vegetation is comprised of seasonal green emergent hydrophytic woody and herbaceous macrophytes with at least 10% cover, including graminoids such as rushes, reeds, grasses and sedges, other herbaceous species such as broad leaved emergent forbs, and short to tall shrubs (primarily broad leaved deciduous but some broad leaved evergreen in warm temperate regions). Associated with these plants are floating leaved and submergent species, and nonvascular plants such as brown mosses, liverworts, and macroscopic algae. The vegetation is usually arranged in distinct zones of parallel or concentric patterns in response to gradients of water depth, frequency of drawdown, water chemistry or disturbance. Saline or brackish non tidal marshes are excluded. Seasonal drawdowns may expose mudflats which are vegetated by pioneering herb and grass species. Plant communities of seasonal marshes are dynamic. They shift spatially with water levels, and change in composition over a short time, whereas communities of semipermanent marshes usually are more stable, represented by stands of reeds which may persist for many years in the absence of severe drought. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D030 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG165 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G194 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG069 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G125 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G333 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG054 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G332 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G141 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G331 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG051 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D023 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G271 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG168 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G209 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G213 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g345ass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G345 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G211 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g217ass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G217 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g210ass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G210 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G236 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g239ass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G239 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g240ass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G240 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG024 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G221 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g218ass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G218 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG079 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D034 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G324 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG077 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG145 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D033 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=F035 Salt Marsh is a wetland that has shallow water and levels that usually fluctuate due primarily to tides along the coast or changes in water depth in depressions. Coastal salt marshes are primarily intertidal; that is, they are found in areas at least occasionally inundated by high tide but not flooded during low tide, including estuaries, lagoons, and the lee side of barrier islands. The vegetation is comprised of emergent aquatic macrophytes, especially saline or halophytic species, chiefly graminoids such as rushes, reeds, grasses and sedges, and shrubs and other herbaceous species such as broad leaved emergent macrophytes, floating leaved and submergent species (aquatic vegetation), and macroscopic algae. The vegetation is usually arranged in distinct zones of parallel patterns in response to gradients of tidal flooding frequency and duration, water chemistry or disturbance, sometimes described simply as "high marsh" (limits of high tide) and "low marsh" (intertidal marsh). Salt marshes have gradients that include barren salt flats at the tidal edge, rushes, and then halophytic herbs and grasses at the outer edge. Daily drawdowns may expose mudflats which contain a sparse mix of pioneering herb and grass species. Salt marsh chemistry is dominated by salinity. Salinity levels vary depending on a complex of factors, including frequency of inundation, rainfall, soil texture, freshwater influence, fossil salt deposits, and other factors. The lower limits of salinity are defined as at least 0.5 ppt, below which it is considered freshwater. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G529 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG074 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G548 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G052 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG300 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D016 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g579bass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G579b http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g579aass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G579a http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g581ass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G581 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g580ass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G580 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG156 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G351b http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g351aass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G351a http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG179b http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G352b http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g352aass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G352a http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG179 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G048d http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G048c http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G048b http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g048aass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G048a http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G047b http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g047aass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G047a http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g347ass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G347 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG037 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D014 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g507ass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G507 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g256ass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G256 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g254ass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G254 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG035 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G506 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G504 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G503 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G505 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG034 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D193 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G167 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG160 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G039 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G673 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G046 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G045 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG504 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G652 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G041 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G653 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG029 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g147ass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G147 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG028 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D011 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g245ass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G245 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG025 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D043 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G104 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG131 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D042 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G304 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G302 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G303 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG169 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D040 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G613 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=C01 Trees with broadly mesomorphic (including scleromorphic) growth forms (including broad leaved, needle leaved, sclerophyllous, palm, and bamboo trees, and tree ferns) characterize this type. Vegetation structure typically has irregular horizontal spacing. The mesomorphic tree canopy is typically greater than 10% cover and often exceeds 5 m in height, and often has both a mature (overstory) and regeneration layer. Climates range from humid tropical to boreal and subalpine, with fairly moderate moisture and temperature conditions. Substrate moisture conditions vary from dry to wet. Vegetation includes tropical, temperate, and boreal forests and woodlands. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=A038ab http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=C02 Shrubs and herbs with broadly mesomorphic (including scleromorphic) growth forms (including broad leaved, needle leaved, and sclerophyllous shrubs, some types of rosette shrubs, and forb and graminoid herbs) dominate this type. Vegetation structure is typically moderately open to closed canopy, with irregular horizontal canopy spacing and variable height, but typically less than 5 m. Mesomorphic trees have <10% cover and mesomorphic shrub and herb growth forms have the majority of cover compared to xeromorphic or cryomorphic growth forms. Climates range from tropical humid to (seasonal) dry to boreal and subalpine, with fairly moderate moisture and temperature conditions. Substrate moisture conditions vary from dry to wet. Vegetation includes upland grasslands, shrublands, open tree savannas, wetland emergent marshes, bogs and fens. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=F026 Temperate Flooded & Swamp Forest is a forested wetland and peatland. It is defined as a tree dominated wetland in temperate climates that is influenced by minerotrophic groundwater, either on mineral or organic (peat) soils. The vegetation is dominated by broad leaved or needle leaved trees, generally over 10% cover, and either a wood rich peat, more common in depressions, or a mineral soil on floodplains. In swamp forests, the water table is often below the major portion of the ground surface, and the dominant ground surface is at the hummock ground surface, that is, 20 cm or more above the average summer groundwater level. It is the aerated (or partly aerated) zone of substrates above the water that is available for root growth of trees and/or tall shrubs. Flooded forests (sometimes called riverine or riparian swamps) have a more dynamic water table, with seasonal flooding inundating the vegetation for short (<7 days) to long (>1 month) periods. They are found along rivers, streams and lakes. They are subject to dramatic water fluctuations, seasonal flooding, and an influx of sediment and mineral enrichment during high water periods. Peat accumulation is usually shallow (less than 40 cm). The nutrient regime in swamps is highly variable, ranging from base rich conditions with pH above 7.0, to base poor conditions where pH can be in the range of 4.5 or lower. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG052 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG498 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G624 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G648 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G205 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G212 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G226 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG022 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G224 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G685 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG494 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G645 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G215 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG500 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G628 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G655 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G629 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G163 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G024 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G632 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG038 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=S15 Temperate & Boreal Forest is typically dominated by broad leaved deciduous and needle leaved trees, with some broad leaved evergreens in warmer regions. It is found across the globe typically between 25 and 60 - 70 degrees N and S latitude, but is far more abundant in the Northern Hemisphere than the Southern Hemisphere. The climate varies from warm temperate with only rare frosts and snow to cold subarctic conditions. The gradation from warm temperate (including Mediterranean) to boreal vegetation is often subtle and occurs across broad regions, so they are treated together as one subclass. Adapted from: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G600 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG499 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G301 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG093 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G310 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG171 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG403 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G537 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G538 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG082 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G534 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G189 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G183 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G617 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G370 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G136 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G667 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG510 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G556 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG303 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G111 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG067 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G110 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG066 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G115 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG497 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=F056 Tropical Freshwater Aquatic Vegetation occurs in shallow to deep freshwater habitats where emergent vegetation is <10% cover, and submerged or floating aquatic plants have >1% cover, occurring around the globe within the tropical regions (roughly, between 30 degrees North and 30 degrees South in latitude). Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG065 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG061 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G611 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G612 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG402 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG059 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G647 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG511 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G660 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G636 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G637 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G638 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G674 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G552 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG302 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G597 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG503 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G244 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG405 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=F010 Tropical High Montane Cliff, Scree & Other Rock Vegetation is found on rocky habitats (such as cliffs, talus, scree, pavement, cobbles, lava, or boulderfields) in the tropical high montane regions around the globe. Stands are found in high montane, subalpine, alpine and nival elevations at tropical latitudes that typically contain a covering of crustose lichens and/or sparse covering of vascular plants. Nonvascular plant cover, especially of bryophytes, lichens, and algae, is >1%; vascular plant cover is typically <10%, with irregular horizontal spacing. Stable rock surfaces (e.g., outcrops) prevent vascular plant roots from penetrating, and their presence is largely determined by the rock fissures. On unstable rocky surfaces (e.g., talus), the presence of vascular plants is largely determined by a degree of permanence. The cold climate at the higher elevations includes nightly freezing temperatures and snow, but climate is often less determinative than presence of open rock surfaces. Substrates are typically dry to moist, but occasionally wet and typically lack soil development of any kind. The sparse vascular woody growth forms are a mix of cryomorphic scrub. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=F032 Cool Semi Desert Cliff, Scree & Other Rock Vegetation is found on rocky or rocklike habitats (such as cliffs, talus, scree, pavement, cobbles, lava, or boulderfields) in cool semi desert regions around the globe. Stands typically contain a covering of crustose lichens and/or sparse covering of vascular plants. Vascular and nonvascular plant cover is >1%; vascular plant cover is typically <10%, with irregular horizontal spacing, and is typically exceeded by nonvascular cover, especially lichens, bryophytes, and/or algae. Stable rock surfaces (e.g., outcrops) prevent vascular plant roots from penetrating the surface, and their presence is largely determined by the rock fissures or ledges, where minimal soil development and more moisture occur. On unstable rocky surfaces (e.g., talus), the presence of vascular plants is largely determined by a degree of permanence and depth to soil under the boulders. A sparse cover of vascular xeromorphic growth forms, including evergreen or facultatively deciduous broad leaved woody plants, may be present. Desert and semi desert climates, where rainfall is often <25 cm, may include snow in the winter. Climates are often less determinative than presence of open rock surfaces. Substrates are typically dry to moist, but occasionally wet and typically lack soil development of any kind. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=F014 Mediterranean Cliff, Scree & Other Rock Vegetation is found on rocky habitats (such as cliffs, talus, scree, pavement, cobbles, lava, or boulderfields) in the Mediterranean regions of the world. Stands typically contain a covering of crustose lichens and/or sparse covering of vascular plants. Vascular and nonvascular plant cover, especially of bryophytes, lichens, algae, or ferns, is >1%; vascular plant cover is typically <10%, with irregular horizontal spacing. Stable rock surfaces (e.g., outcrops) prevent vascular plant roots from penetrating, and their presence is largely determined by the rock fissures. On unstable rocky surfaces (e.g., talus), the presence of vascular plants is largely determined by a degree of permanence. A sparse cover of vascular mesomorphic growth forms, including needle leaved and evergreen or deciduous broad leaved woody plants, may be present. The low elevation Mediterranean climates are often less determinative than presence of open rock surfaces. Substrates are typically dry to moist, but occasionally wet and typically lack soil development of any kind. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=S02 Tropical Rock Vegetation is found on rocky habitats (such as cliffs, talus, scree, pavement, cobbles, lava, or boulderfields) in the tropical regional around the globe. Stands typically contain a covering of crustose lichens and/or sparse covering of vascular plants. Vascular and nonvascular plant cover, especially bryophytes, lichens, algae, or ferns, is <1%; vascular plant cover, including bromeliad growth forms, largely determined by the rock fissures and typically >10%, with irregular horizontal spacing. Stable rock surfaces (e.g., outcrops) prevent vascular plant roots from penetrating, and their presence is largely determined by the rock fissures. On unstable rocky surfaces (e.g., talus), the presence of vascular plants is largely determined by a degree of permanence. Vascular woody growth forms of either evergreen broad leaved or drought deciduous woody plants, including lianas, may be present. Tropical climates, where daily temperate changes are greater than the seasonal changes, are various and often less determinative than presence of open rock surfaces. Substrates are typically dry to moist, but occasionally wet and typically lack soil development of any kind. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=C06 Nonvascular plants, especially bryophyte, lichen, alga or fern (including clubmosses and other vascular spore bearing plants) growth forms are present, but are constrained by rock or other hard substrates, such as cliff, talus, scree, cobble, lava, and rock flats. Vascular growth form structure is largely determined by the rock fissures, etc., and is typically less than 10% cover, with irregular horizontal spacing. Climates are various, often less determinative than presence of open rock surface. Substrates are typically dry to moist, but occasionally wet (e.g., seepage cliffs) and typically lack soil development of any kind. Stands typically contain crustose lichen and/or sparse vascular vegetation. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=F057 Temperate & Boreal Freshwater Aquatic Vegetation occurs in shallow to deep freshwater habitats (e.g., lakes, ponds, canals, streams, rivers, and freshwater portions of estuaries) where emergent vegetation is <10% cover, and submerged or floating aquatic plants have >1% cover, occurring around the globe in both hemispheres, from the tropics north and south to the polar regions. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=F034 Temperate & Boreal Cliff, Scree & Other Rock Vegetation is found on rocky habitats (such as cliffs, talus, scree, pavement, cobbles, lava, or large rock outcrops, such as boulderfields) in the temperate and boreal regions around the globe. Stands typically contain a covering of saxicolous foliose and/or crustose lichens growing directly on rock surfaces, and/or sparse covering of vascular plants growing in soil pockets. Vascular and nonvascular plant cover is >1%; vascular plant cover is typically <10%, with irregular horizontal spacing, and is typically exceeded by nonvascular cover, especially lichens, bryophytes, and/or algae. Stable rock surfaces (e.g., outcrops) prevent vascular plant roots from penetrating most of the substrate, and their presence is largely determined by the rock fissures, where minimal soil development and more moisture occurs. On less stable rocky surfaces (e.g., talus), the presence of vascular plants is largely determined by a degree of permanence, and depth to soil under the boulders. The vascular woody growth forms are a mix of evergreen needle leaved or cold deciduous broad leaved trees and shrubs. The low elevation climates are temperate or boreal (excluding Mediterranean ones), where there are strong daily temperate changes and even greater seasonal variations. These climates, though, are often less determinative than presence of open rock surfaces. Substrates are typically very dry to moist, but occasionally wet, and typically lack soil development of any kind. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=F007 Polar & Alpine Montane Cliff, Scree & Other Rock Vegetation is found on rocky habitats (such as cliffs, talus, scree, pavement, cobbles, lava, or boulderfields) in the polar and temperate and boreal high montane (alpine) regions of the world. Stands occur at polar and at high montane, subalpine, alpine and nival elevations at boreal and temperate latitudes, and typically contain a covering of crustose lichens and/or sparse covering of vascular plants. Nonvascular plant cover, especially bryophytes, lichens, and algae, is >1%; vascular plant cover is typically <10%, with irregular horizontal spacing. Stable rock surfaces (e.g., outcrops) prevent vascular plant roots from penetrating, and their presence is largely determined by the rock fissures. On unstable rocky surfaces (e.g., talus), the presence of vascular plants is largely determined by a degree of permanence. The sparse vascular woody growth forms are a mix of cryomorphic scrub. The cold climate extends from polar to temperate latitudes with many months of snow, but climate is often less determinative than presence of open rock surfaces. Substrates are typically dry to moist, but occasionally wet and typically lack soil development of any kind. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=S05 Polar & High Montane Rock Vegetation is found on rocky habitats (such as cliffs, talus, scree, pavement, cobbles, lava, or boulderfields) in the polar and high montane (alpine) regions around the globe. Stands occur at polar and at high montane, subalpine, alpine and nival elevations at boreal, temperate, and tropical latitudes that typically contain a covering of crustose lichens and/or sparse covering of vascular plants. Nonvascular plant cover, especially bryophytes, lichens, and algae, is >1%; vascular plant cover is typically <10%, with irregular horizontal spacing. Stable rock surfaces (e.g., outcrops) prevent vascular plant roots from penetrating, and their presence is largely determined by the rock fissures. On unstable rocky surfaces (e.g., talus), the presence of vascular plants is largely determined by a degree of permanence. The sparse vascular woody growth forms are a mix of cryomorphic scrub and herb. The cold climates extend from polar to tropical latitudes with many months of snow, but climate is often less determinative than presence of open rock surfaces. Substrates are typically dry to moist, but occasionally wet and typically lack soil development of any kind. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=F025 Warm Desert & Semi Desert Cliff, Scree & Other Rock Vegetation is found on rocky or rocklike habitats (such as cliffs, rock outcrops, talus, scree, pavement, cobbles, lava, or boulderfields) in warm desert and semi desert regions around the globe. The climate is warm, where annual precipitation is typically less than 25 cm. Substrates are typically dry and typically lack soil development of any kind. Vascular and nonvascular plant cover is >1%; vascular plant cover is typically <10%, with irregular horizontal spacing, and is typically exceeded by nonvascular cover, especially lichens, bryophytes, and/or algae. The vegetation is constrained by rock or other hard substrates, such as cliff, talus, scree, cobble, lava, and rock flats. Vascular growth form structure is largely determined by rock fissures or ledges, where minimal soil development and more moisture occur. The vascular growth forms include evergreen needle leaved or xeromorphic trees, shrubs, and herbs. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=S03 Desert & Semi Desert Rock Vegetation is found on rocky or rocklike habitats (such as cliffs, rock outcrops, talus, scree, pavement, cobbles, lava, or boulderfields) in the desert and semi desert regions around the globe. Stands typically contain a covering of saxicolous foliose and/or crustose lichens and/or sparse covering of vascular plants. Vascular and nonvascular plant cover is >1%; vascular plant cover is typically <10%, with irregular horizontal spacing, and is typically exceeded by nonvascular cover, especially lichens, bryophytes, and/or algae. Stable rock surfaces (e.g., outcrops) prevent vascular plant roots from penetrating most of the substrate, and their presence is largely determined by the rock fissures, where minimal soil development and more moisture occurs. On less stable rocky surfaces (e.g., talus), the presence of vascular plants is largely determined by a degree of permanence and depth to soil under the boulders. A sparse cover of vascular xeromorphic growth forms may be present. Desert and semi desert climates, where annual precipitation is typically <25 cm, may include snow in the winter. These climates are often less determinative than presence of open rock surfaces. Substrates are typically very dry to moist, but occasionally wet and typically lack soil development of any kind. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=S13 Freshwater Aquatic Vegetation occurs in shallow to deep water habitats where emergent vegetation is <10% cover, and submerged or floating aquatic plants have >1% cover, occurring around the globe from the equator to the polar regions. The upper limits of salinity are set at 0.5 ppt, above which it is considered saltwater. They are transitional between those wetlands that are saturated or seasonally wet (i.e., bog, fen, marsh or swamp) and permanent, deep waterbodies (i.e., lakes). Submerged or floating aquatic plants usually dominate the vegetation. Open surface water up to 2 m deep is present for all or most of the year. Water levels are seasonally stable, permanently flooded, or intermittently exposed during droughts, low flows or intertidal periods. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=F055 Saltwater tidal areas dominated by submerged or emergent lichens that form patches or visible patterns on the surface of the substrate. Lichens are generally recognized as a symbiotic association with a fungus and an alga (or cyanobacterium) living together and forming patches or a visible pattern on the surface of the substrate. Lichens occur in relatively recognizable zones based on, among other factors, the extent to which they are submerged or flooded. The two major zones are the Intertidal (or Littoral) Lichen Zone, dominated by patches of lichens that are regularly submerged by marine tides, and the Supratidal (or Supralittoral) Lichen Zone, which are rarely submerged, but are regularly wetted by splash and sea spray, often in rocky habitats. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=F054 Benthic Aquatic Vascular Saltwater Vegetation includes subtidal or intertidal bottoms and any other areas characterized by a dominant cover of rooted vascular plants which are usually submersed in the water column or floating on the surface. They may be exposed during low tides. The vascular vegetation beds are commonly dominated by any number of seagrass or eelgrass species, including species of Cymodocea, Halodule, Thalassia, Halophila, Vallisneria, Ruppia, Phyllospadix, and Zostera. Seagrass beds may occur in true marine salinities, and they may extend into the lower salinity zones of estuaries. Seagrass beds are complex structural habitats that provide refuge and foraging opportunities for abundant and diverse faunal communities in shallow waters. Seagrass beds require a specific set of ecological conditions for success, and they are generally perceived as areas of high environmental quality. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=F053 Benthic Macroalgae Saltwater Vegetation includes subtidal or intertidal bottoms and any other areas characterized by a dominant cover of attached macroalgae, which are usually submersed within or extend to the surface of the water column. They may be exposed during low tides. The aquatic beds dominated by macroalgae include kelp, intertidal fucoids, and calcareous algae. Macroalgal communities can exist at all depths within the photic zone, on diverse substrates, and across a range of energy and water chemistry regimes. Many macroalgal types and communities have low temporal persistence and can bloom and die back within short periods. This aspect of macroalgae can be reflected with a temporal persistence modifier. While many researchers organize macroalgae based on their pigmentation, the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS) (FGDC 2012) takes a growth morphology approach to defining benthic algal biotic groups. This decision was driven by the fact that macroalgal assemblages often include a variety of co existing algal species, making delineations of individual species difficult. This approach also captures the influence that the algal growth structure has in shaping the local environment, by providing shelter, shade, and detrital material to an area, which is important to associated fauna. Thus CMECS distinguishes sheet group, filamentous group, coarsely branched group, thick leathery group, jointed calcareous group, and crustose group. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=S12 Temperate, Boreal & Polar Alpine Tundra Vegetation occurs above treeline in temperate and boreal regions, predominantly in North America and Eurasia, with more isolated occurrences in the Southern Hemisphere. Creeping, matted and low upright dwarf shrubs may occur, along with alpine grasses and forbs. The ground layer density varies from densely vegetated to open, rocky, rubbly, or frost sorted habitats, and includes fell field, boulderfield, tundra, heath and meadow. Bryophyte and lichen cover also varies considerably. Treeline varies depending on latitudinal shifts in climate, moisture, and type of mountain range, including its size and degree of isolation, so varies, for example, from 1650 m in the Andean steppe of Argentina to 3300 3600 m in the Himalayas, Southern Rocky Mountains and Californian Sierra Nevada to 2300 m in the Lesotho Plateau of South Africa. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=F038 Mediterranean Scrub & Grassland includes the sclerophyllous scrub and herbaceous vegetation, which develop in Mediterranean climates (moderately dry, warm temperate, maritime climates with little or no summer rain). It occurs in the Mediterranean Basin, southwestern California in the United States, west central Chile, the western Cape Province of South Africa, and southwestern and southern Australia. Sclerophyll leaved growth forms prevail, but facultatively drought deciduous "soft chaparral" forms may also occur. Mixed annual and perennial grasslands and non grass "forblands" may also occur, with only scattered scrub. Size and coverage of the shrubs range from low subshrubs (<1 m) to arborescent (2 to 5 m tall) with a closed canopy, to below 1 m and quite open, in response to moisture and other factors. Fire may be a common to infrequent natural process. Dominant plants are affected by frequent fires. Sclerophyll woodlands and forest are excluded [see 1.B.1 Warm Temperate Forest Formation]. Grasslands are a mix of annual and perennial growth forms. Adapted from: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=S16 Tropical High Montane Scrub & Grassland is dominated by herbaceous perennials and woody shrubs or small leaved low sub woody species in high tropical mountains, where freezing and cryogenic processes occur. It occurs in all tropical high mountains worldwide, where it occupies the sub nival altitudinal belt. The predominant growth forms are rosulate plants with deep taproots and several plants with densely cespitose root systems and or creeping prostrate habit. The canopy cover varies from very low to open or semi open. Species have, in general, adapted to sliding or movement of the substrate due to the diurnal alternation of freezing and melting, which is a typical phenomenon of the high tropical mountains. Soils have marked cryogenic phenomena, mainly contraction and expansion, gelifluction and freeze fracture (gelifraction). Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=C04 Shrubs and herbs with cryomorphic growth forms are dominant, including dwarf shrub, caulirrosulate (páramo) or associated herbs. Nonvascular lichen and moss growth forms may also be dominant. The vegetation structure has irregular, horizontal spacing, is of low height, often much less than 1 m tall. Mesomorphic trees have <10% cover, and cryomorphic shrubs and herbs have the majority of cover compared to mesomorphic or xeromorphic growth forms. Climates include tropical high montane (alpine to nival) to polar tundra, with stands located above continuous forest line in altitude or latitude, and regular cold and/or freezing temperatures. Substrates are dry to wet, with varying degrees and depths of permafrost or cryic soils. Vegetation includes tundra, alpine, and tropical high montane types, such as páramo and puna. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=F033 Cool Semi Desert Scrub & Grassland occurs in dry, cool temperate climates. Vegetation is dominated by microphyllous leaved xeromorphic shrubs. Structure consists of typically low shrubs or graminoids and varies from open grassland and shrub steppe to shrubland. Vegetation not as much limited by substrates as by drought and fires. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=S11 Cool Semi Desert Scrub & Grassland occurs in dry, cool temperate climates. Vegetation is dominated by microphyllous leaved xeromorphic shrubs. Structure consists of typically low shrubs or graminoids and varies from open grassland and shrub steppe to shrubland. Vegetation not as much limited by substrates as by drought and fires. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=S18 Temperate & Boreal Grassland & Shrubland occurs in areas of moderately dry to wet, continental, coastal and Mediterranean climates, and is most abundant in North America, Eurasia (the steppes), South America, and parts of Southern Africa and Australia. The vegetation varies from grasslands of open to dense bunch or sod grasses, often with scattered shrubs or trees, to low (<2 m) open to dense shrublands and sclerophyllous or soft chaparral scrub, and trees absent to scattered (<10% cover), and sedge meadows and marshes. Xeromorphic growth forms are largely absent; the surface layer has a thin to thick litter and duff layer, posed in contrast to desert grassland and scrub, where the surface layer may be bare, or contain a biological crust. Structure is a single, major grass or shrub stratum, or a mix of the two, typically exceeding 10-20% cover. This is ecologically a very heterogeneous subclass as there are a number of drivers that can preclude establishment of forest vegetation in these climates; including climatic characteristics, water regime (droughty to wet habitats), and fire and flooding disturbances. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=F052 Floating & Suspended Macroalgae Saltwater Vegetation includes areas dominated by macroalgae that are floating on the surface or are suspended freely in the water column, i.e., macroalgae that are not rooted or attached to the bottom. Examples include Gracilaria Rafts, Kelp Rafts, Rockweed Rafts, Sargassum Rafts, and Ulva Rafts. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=S09 Saltwater Aquatic Vegetation wetlands are distinct wetlands transitional along the coast between the intertidal salt marshes or other intertidal areas, and permanent, deep water oceans. More rarely they occur in inland saline habitats. The lower limits of salinity are set at 0.5 ppt, below which it is considered freshwater. Submerged or floating aquatic plants usually dominate the vegetation, with less than 10% of the surface water area occluded by standing emergent or woody plants. Macroalga may be common. Open surface water at a range of depths is present for all or most of the year. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=C05 Hydromorphic growth forms dominate, including rooting and floating aquatic herbs and alga, in freshwater and saltwater wetland and open water environments. Vegetation structure has irregular horizontal canopy spacing, and shoreline edges are shaped by natural processes. Emergent growth forms typically have <10% cover, and hydromorphic vegetation is at least 1% cover. Climates are various, often less determinative than presence of open surface water conditions, which are typically found along ocean, lake, pond, and river margins in (semi )permanently flooded non tidal, tidal and intertidal habitats. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=S06 Warm Desert & Semi Desert Woodland, Scrub & Grassland occurs in dry warm temperate, subtropical and tropical climates. Vegetation is dominated by xeromorphic growth forms, and varies from open to closed woodlands, open shrub scrub to complexes of succulents, thornscrub, and microphyllous leaved subshrubs, often less than 2 m tall, though scattered tall succulents may occur. Ephemeral (therophytic) herbaceous growth forms may also be present within semi desert woodlands. Desert grasslands often occur in transitional zones, typically containing a sparse layer of xeromorphic shrubs and open ground layer. Included are very open deserts where vegetation is very sparse, and where the ground layer is sandy, stony desert pavements, salt crust (bare rock, often with nonvascular mats is placed in lithomorphic vegetation). Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=C03 Succulents, small leaved shrubs and trees, desert grasses and other xeromorphic growth forms are dominant or characteristic in this type. Vegetation often has open and irregular horizontal canopy spacing, typically <5 m tall. Mesomorphic trees have less than 10% cover, and xeromorphic growth forms (including succulent trees and shrubs (e.g., cacti, euphorbias)) and small leaved shrubs and trees, have the majority of cover compared to mesomorphic or cryomorphic growth forms. The herb cover varies from open to absent, with various growth forms, including ephemerals and succulent forbs. Climates include warm (tropical) to cool (temperate) arid to desert, with regular drought periods. Substrates are dry to moist, sometimes strongly haline alkaline, or rarely, temporarily wet (e.g., desert washes). Vegetation includes cool and warm semi deserts. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=F005 Temperate & Boreal Scrub & Herb Coastal Vegetation includes upland habitats found along the coast, including beaches, bluffs and dunes, where wind, water, and salinity are major drivers of the vegetation. It extends across the mid latitudes from 23 to 60 70 degrees N and S, and occurs along both coastal saline waters and large freshwater lakes. Beaches include the strip of sand or gravel that extends from the mean tideline to the top of the foredune (frontal foredune). The dune extends further inland wherever the sandy/gravelly site conditions restrict tree growth (<10% cover). Unconsolidated bluffs (but not marine rock cliffs) are more stable, relatively vertical habitats. The vegetation often has morphological (psammophytic) adaptations to these habitats, including prostrate herbaceous annual growth forms, with mesomorphic leaves, neither succulent nor sclerophyllous, less commonly with perennial herbs, and increasingly with perennial grasses and shrubs on the stabilized backdunes. Temperate coastal habitats tend to have large perennial grasses, with a diversity of forbs, and have higher wind and wave energy. A zone of ephemerals (such as Cakile, Atriplex, and Salsola) is perhaps more common (Barbour 1992). Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=F028 Boreal Grassland, Meadow & Shrubland is dominated by mesomorphic perennial grasses, forbs and shrubs, and is found in the northern mid latitude (boreal) regions of North America and Eurasia. It is associated with cold semi arid to moist climates, with extended cold winters and short mild summers, and geographically occurs mixed with boreal forests and wetlands. The climate generally favors establishment of forest vegetation; thus, the absence of forest vegetation is a result of local conditions related to water regime, soil parameters or disturbance regimes. The present assemblages of plants and animals date to after the Pleistocene, following glaciation, when modern climates were established. Wildfires and grazing also play a role in some of these grasslands. Along with the mesomorphic perennial grasses, shrubs, and forbs, mosses and lichens can also play an important role. Boreal tree growth forms are not major components of the vegetation, except as a scattered layer (typically <10%). In disturbance situations, Boreal Grassland, Meadow & Shrubland can grade to Boreal Forest and may not be clearly separated from it floristically. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=F031 Upland or dry tundra exists at the high latitudes north of 60 degrees N in the Arctic region and south of 50 degrees S in the Antarctic region. The vegetation growth forms are varied and often with complex patterns of dominance by dwarf shrubs, sedges and grasses, mosses and lichens, and creeping or matted herbs. In many tundra areas, the deep layers of the soil are permanently frozen, and only the surface layer is thawed and becomes biologically active during the summer. The Low Arctic region typically contains continuous vegetation cover (80 100%), except in rocky places, and contains the typical mix of dwarf shrubs, sedges and grasses, mosses and lichens. Tundra also occurs in the High Arctic, and plants are primarily lichens and mosses with scattered herbs. The High Arctic has fine soil material, and can be wet and strongly influenced by cryoturbation, with more sparse vegetation. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=F037 Alpine dwarf shrublands, forb meadows and grasslands occurring above treeline in temperate and boreal regions, predominantly in North America and Eurasia, with more isolated occurrences in the Southern Hemisphere. Creeping, matted and low upright dwarf shrubs may occur, along with alpine grasses and forbs. The ground layer density varies from densely vegetated to open, rocky, rubbly, or frost sorted habitats, and includes fell field, boulderfield, tundra, heath and meadow. Bryophyte and lichen cover also varies considerably. Treeline varies depending on latitudinal shifts in climate, moisture and type of mountain range, including its size and degree of isolation, so varies, for example, from 1650 m in the Andean steppe of Argentina to 3300 3600 m in the Himalayas, Southern Rocky Mountains and Californian Sierra Nevada to 2300 m in the Lesotho Plateau of South Africa. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G627 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G350 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G579 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G349 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G633 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G635 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G634 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G646 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=S01 Tropical Grassland, Savanna & Shrubland is dominated by grasses and shrubs, with or without scattered trees. Some occur in climates too dry for forest; others depend on soil conditions or fire, or both, rather than climate. The structure is a single, major grass or shrub stratum, or a mix of the two, with trees typically less than 10% cover, rarely with bare ground. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=F018 Warm Temperate Forest is found in North America (Mediterranean Basin and Mediterranean of California, the warm, dry interior of Great Basin and Madrean regions and warm temperate regions of the Southeast Coastal Plain), Chile, South Africa, Australia, India and Southeast Asia. The climate is mild (mostly frost free) winter, temperate humid spring, hot dry summer, and mild, often dry autumn seasons. The rainy season occurs in winter (most evident in "Mediterranean climates"), and summers are dry. The vegetation varies from (a) dominance by broad leaved evergreen trees, sometimes with dwarfed stems, and microphyll to small mesophyll leaves, with varying levels of sclerophylly (Mediterranean) to (b) various combinations of broad-leaved deciduous, broad-leaved evergreen or needle-leaved evergreen conifer trees. Natural disturbances include wind and fire. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=S17 Tropical Forest varies from dry to humid forests from sea level to montane elevations and includes forested wetlands. Tropical dry forest (sometimes called tropical seasonally dry forest) range in canopy types, including evergreen, semi evergreen (needle leaved or broad leaved), or largely or wholly deciduous. Tree growth forms predominate and may be species rich, with micro to mesophyll leaves, but succulent species may be present. It occurs in humid dry tropical climates with a pronounced dry season, during which some or all of the trees may lose their leaves, or leaves may be moderately small and evergreen sclerophyllous. Canopy heights decrease and canopy coverage tends to decrease as the climate dries until the forests are reduced to open, short statured (5-15 m) woodlands. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G570 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG118 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D055 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G616 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G543 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G595 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG401 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=F001 Boreal Forest (or taiga) extends across the northern regions of North America and Eurasia, with extended cold winters and short mild summers. It is bounded on the north by tundra and on the south by either the northern limit of temperate lowland and subalpine forests or grasslands (steppes). A number of ecological factors, including topography, climate and edaphic conditions, control Boreal Forest distribution. It is dominated by needle leaved (usually evergreen, conical shaped) conifers, and broad leaved deciduous hardwoods. Lichens and mosses often dominate the ground layer. The structure of Boreal Forest varies from closed forest to lichen woodland and forest tundra. Closed forests dominate the southern boreal zone; lichen woodlands dominate the northern regions; and isolated forest tundra patches occur in the tundra zone near or just above treeline. Boreal forests are disturbance based, with fires the primary disturbance. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G144 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG053 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G069 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G068 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G679 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G133 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG493 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G488 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG050 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G268 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G618 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G355 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G354 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG172 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=A038cb http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=A038ca http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=A038ba http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=SG038b http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=SG038c http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=F036 Boreal Flooded & Swamp Forest is a forested wetland and peatland. These swamps are defined as a tree dominated wetlands in a boreal climate that are influenced by minerotrophic groundwater, either on mineral or organic (peat) soils; less commonly, they occur in transitional floodplain habitats. The vegetation is dominated by tall woody, mostly needle leaved trees generally over 10% cover, and the wood rich (less commonly sphagnum rich) peat laid down by this vegetation. The water table is below the major portion of the ground surface, and the dominant ground surface is at the hummock ground surface, that is, 20 cm or more above the average summer groundwater level. It is the aerated (or partly aerated) zone of substrates above the water that is available for root growth of trees and/or tall shrubs. The nutrient regime in swamps is highly variable, ranging from base rich conditions with pH above 7.0 (very rare), to base poor conditions where pH can be in the range of 4.5 or lower. Various swamp forms may be recognized, based on the base rich/pH gradient, i.e., calcareous rich (eutrophic), intermediate (mesotrophic), and poor (oligotrophic to ombrotrophic). Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G383 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G371 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G615 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG404 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G614 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G649 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG012 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G030 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG013 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G020 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G650 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G016 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G495 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G015 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG502 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G206 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG009 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D007 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D063 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D065 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D038 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D037 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D187 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D013 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D195 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D062 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D010 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=A038aa http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=SG038a http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G038 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D036 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG186 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D146 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D102 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D061 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG505 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G681 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G659 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG507 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G644 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G643 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G642 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G641 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G640 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G639 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG496 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G610 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G319 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG120 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G571 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG119 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G108 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG133 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D058 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G375 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG175 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D057 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G567 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG116 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G566 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG115 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D053 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G573 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G318 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG114 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G565 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG113 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D052 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G582 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG306 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G341 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G106 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G340 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG111 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D051 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=S04 Mediterranean, Temperate & Boreal Rock Vegetation is found on rocky habitats (such as cliffs, talus, recent lava flows, or rock outcrops) where the median particle size is >10 cm in diameter in the Mediterranean, temperate and boreal regions around the globe. Stands typically contain a covering of saxicolous foliose and/or crustose lichens growing directly on rock surfaces and/or sparse covering of vascular plants growing in soil pockets. Vascular and nonvascular plant cover is >1%; vascular plant cover is typically <10%, with irregular horizontal spacing, and is typically exceeded by nonvascular cover, especially lichens, bryophytes, and/or algae. On stable rock surfaces (e.g., outcrops), vascular plant roots are prevented from penetrating most of the substrate, and their presence is largely determined by the rock fissures, where minimal soil development and more moisture occurs. On less stable rocky surfaces (e.g., talus), the presence of vascular plants is largely determined by a degree of permanence and depth to soil under the boulders. A sparse cover of vascular mesomorphic growth forms, including evergreen needle leaved or cold deciduous broad leaved woody plants, may be present. Herbs are often seasonally green. Low elevation temperate and boreal climates are various, often less determinative than presence of open rock surfaces. Substrates are typically very dry to moist, but occasionally wet and typically lack soil development of any kind. The climate is cool and warm temperate, Mediterranean, and to boreal, and even subarctic, where frosts occur regularly (except in part of the Mediterranean region), snow is not permanent, and there are strong daily and seasonal temperature changes. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G544 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG109 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G114 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG108 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D049 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G373 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG184 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G380 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG183 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D064 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G385 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG106 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G387 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G058 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G179 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G178 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G061 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG124 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G059 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG123 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G063 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G174 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G152 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG163 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D024 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G151 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG104 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D047 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G368 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G369 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G365 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G364 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G367 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G366 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG173 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D044 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D194 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G320 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G317 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G305 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G275 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G272 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G267 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G273 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG048 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D022 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=F012 Temperate Grassland, Meadow & Shrubland is dominated by mesomorphic perennial grasses and forbs, and is found in the mid latitude regions across the globe. It is associated with a moist to semi arid climate and geographically occurs between temperate forests and deserts. The present plant assemblages were strongly affected by Pleistocene glaciations, though regions close to the equator may have retained vegetation back to the Tertiary. Grasslands are a predominant type in this formation and each continent has its own popular name for its part of this formation. In North America, it is the prairie; in Eurasia, the steppe. South Americans usually refer to pampas and South Africans to the veld. The plants (and animals) of the North American and Eurasian sections of the biome are closely related, but have been impacted differently by Pleistocene and post Pleistocene climate changes, human occupation and use, wildfires, and grazing pressures from both wild and domesticated large mammals. The origins of South America's pampas and southern Africa's veld are still poorly understood. Fire may be implicated, as it is a necessary management tool today in preventing the encroachment of woody plants. In addition to the larger geographic areas of grasslands and associated shrublands, scattered grassland, shrub and forb vegetation within temperate forest formations are included. Although mesomorphic perennial grasses and shrubs are the most common growth forms in this formation, a large number of other herbaceous plants, primarily perennial forbs, are also found. Trees are not major components of the vegetation, except as a scattered layer (typically <10% cover). Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG039b http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G666ass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G666 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG039a http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G547 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G546 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G051 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G050 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG299 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g548aass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G499 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G535 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG081 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D035 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G123 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G122 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G121 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G120 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G518 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g241ass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G241 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g237ass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G237 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g238ass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G238 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g236ass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g219ass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G219 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G222 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g220ass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G220 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=g223ass http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G223 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG020 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG501 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D192 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG101 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G314 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G316 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG099 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G075 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G181 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G112 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG071 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G325 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G568 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G337 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G336 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D031 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG072 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G528 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG075 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G527 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G520 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G521 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG073 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G526 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G525 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G517 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G322 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=F008 Cool Temperate Forest includes temperate deciduous forest, temperate needle leaved forest, and temperate rainforest. These forests are dominated by broad leaved or needle leaved tree growth forms. Rainforest trees may attain great heights; trees easily exceed 50 m, but these forests more typically range from 10 to 30 m in height. They are found in oceanic temperate to cool temperate continental climates, with summer rainfall and cold winters (during which the broad leaved trees lose their leaves), extending to treeline, where they resemble boreal forests. The formation is most prominent in the Northern Hemisphere, where it occurs in four major, formation expressions in (1) western and central Europe, (2) eastern Asia, including Korea and Japan, (3) eastern North America, and (4) western North America. It occurs as small formation expressions in the Southern Hemisphere, including southern South America (Chile and Argentina), southern Australia, and New Zealand. This formation is associated with cooler continental and oceanic temperate climates (Koeppen Dca, Dcb, and Do, and in Europe, Cfb). There is an approximately 6 month growing season. The 50 to 150 cm (20-60 inches) of precipitation is distributed evenly throughout the year. The non-growing season is due to temperature-induced drought during the cold winters. Forest structure is usually complex, commonly consisting of five strata: (1) a tree stratum, 15-35 m (60-100 feet) tall, dominated by broad leaved deciduous and/or needle leaved evergreen species, often with a substratum of small trees (5-15 m tall); (2) a small tree and tall sapling layer (between 2-5 m); (3) a short shrub layer (<2 m); (4) an herb layer of perennial forbs, including an ecological group with species that bloom primarily in early spring (in deciduous broadleaf-dominated examples); and (5) a ground layer of lichens, clubmosses, and true mosses. Lichens and mosses also grow on the trunks of trees. Natural disturbances include wind and fire. Source: Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, E. Helmer. 2012. Classification and description of world formation types. Part I (Introduction) and Part II (Description of formation types). Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee, FGDC Secretariat, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, and NatureServe, Arlington, VA. http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D008 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG153 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G021 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG159 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G160 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G161 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G025 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG151 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G146 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G329 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G145 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=G328 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=MG014 http://appdev.glfc.forestry.ca/andy/cnvc/public_html/abstract.cfm?main_id=D032